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Each day in the United States and Canada, it seems like the news media reports another shooting or act of violence that ends in tragedy. As a result, often leap to the conclusion that violence is on the rise and that the answer is to throw more people behind bars.

However, this conclusion flies in the face of research. Crime statistics demonstrate that since the 1990s, and . And although some people are dangerous and need to be in prison, in other cases, locking people up is a waste of taxpayer dollars that .

Rather than getting tough on crime, justice agencies need to . For instance, rather than indiscriminately cramming everyone into prison, justice agencies should use scientifically supported methods to identify which defendants truly pose a danger to others.

We are researchers who work with American and Canadian justice agencies to help them develop effective methods to identify and manage people who may be violent towards others. We explain why jailing everyone is not the answer to preventing violence, and how many researchers have developed risk assessment tools to help justice agencies make better decisions about who to imprison and what services to provide.

Jailing everyone is not the answer

The U.S. incarcerates more people than . However, many politicians have recently concluded that warehousing people in prison is costly and unsustainable. As such, politicians have been trying to . An example of this is the new in the U.S., which obtained strong support from both Republicans and Democrats. American politicians are shifting their thinking for many reasons. Here are a few:

1. Prisons cost a lot

Prisons are expensive to operate. In the U.S., the total state expenditure on prisons is at least . In Canada, taxpayers pay an average of . It's than it is to put someone behind bars.

2. Locking people up doesn't make us safer

Research shows that putting people behind bars , and some studies show it can make matters worse. From working in prisons, we have seen this firsthand; prisons can be schools for crime. If you take a who's never gotten in trouble before and stuff them in a confined space with people who are already entrenched in crime, they won't necessarily turn into a good law-abiding citizen.

3. We lock up the wrong people

Although some of the people we jail are dangerous, many are not. Many have and . Some are teenagers who have made bad decisions. And many have not even been found guilty—they're still . Also, decisions about who we put behind bars are prone to biases and .

For example, in Canada, even though incarceration rates have fallen, the proportion of is growing — are Indigenous.

Who is dangerous?

How do law makers decide who is dangerous and truly needs to be locked up? Judges, police, and probation officers make these decisions all the time. They can use one of two approaches—they can either rely on their own intuitions or hunches, or they can use decision-making aids called risk assessment instruments.

Option 1: Rely on hunches

Historically, professionals had to rely on their hunches about who would be violent. Prior to the 1980s, research was scarce and there were no guidelines to help professionals. Without guidance, it can be difficult to predict who will be violent —even for experts. Early studies suggested that experts who use their intuitions to decide who will be violent were . They would be better off flipping a coin.

Option 2: Use risk assessment instruments based on research

Given these worrisome findings, scientists set out to develop . They conducted hundreds of studies on factors that predicted violence —for example, substance use and antisocial beliefs. They used these factors to create tools that told professionals what risk factors to consider and how to identify them.

Some of these instruments are formulas or algorithms, whereas others are decision-making aids that include a list risk factors and rating criteria, but allow professionals to take into account unique considerations for a given person. Although these instruments are not crystal balls, hundreds of many of these risk assessment approaches .

Risk assessment tools used globally

Justice agencies in Canada, the U.S. and many other countries now routinely use these risk assessment tools or , and what rehabilitation programs to provide. These assessment devices are also used .

What impact do these decision aids have?

Risk assessment decreases incarceration

In a that looks mostly at the U.S., we compiled data from over a million defendants and offenders at 30 sites. We found that when justice agencies adopted risk assessment instruments, detention rates . Even though fewer people were being locked up, crime rates either declined or stayed the same. In other words, risk assessment can help minimize incarceration without jeopardizing public safety.

Are the assessment tools biased?

But do these assessment tools help counteract over-incarceration of Black and Indigenous Peoples or do they contain invisible biases that amplify preexisting disparities? In , we found that when justice agencies used risk assessment instruments, jail rates decreased slightly for Black and white people. However, findings varied as to whether the size of this decrease was similar across groups. Also, studies have not yet tested how the use of these tools impact incarceration rates for Indigenous Peoples.

We need more research. In Canada, the recently reprimanded the prison system for failing to adequately test if the risk assessment devices they use are appropriate for Indigenous Peoples.

In sum, risk assessment instruments are not going to fix all our problems. However, justice systems need to make decisions about who is dangerous somehow. And, given the choice between relying on untested intuitions, which historically have resulted in dramatic , or using instruments that were developed through decades of research, instruments offer clear advantages.

They may help justice systems make decisions that preserve public safety without falling prey to knee-jerk calls to lock everyone up.

However, whatever approach justice agencies ultimately decide to use, they need to make sure it is fair and just, and they need to carefully test its effects. These decisions are far too important to simply rely on hunches.

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