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Why humans have smaller faces than Neanderthals

The human face is strikingly distinct from our fossil cousins and ancestors—most notably, it is significantly smaller, and more gracile. However, the reasons behind this change remain largely unknown. A team of researchers led by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has investigated why and how our species evolved such a unique facial form.

"Our findings reveal that a change in development—particularly during late growth stages—led to smaller faces," says first author Alexandra Schuh from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. "Compared to Neanderthals and chimpanzees who continue growing longer, human facial growth stops earlier, around adolescence, resulting in a smaller adult face."

The study is in the Journal of Human Evolution.

Tracking changes in facial size in different species

To reach this conclusion, the researchers tracked changes in facial size across ontogeny, from birth to adulthood, in different species. This allowed them to pinpoint key developmental differences between species. Additionally, by analyzing bone cellular activity, the team observed a decline that mirrors the cessation of growth observed around adolescence in humans.

"Identifying key developmental changes allows us to understand how species-specific traits emerged throughout human evolution," says Schuh. These results highlight parts of the mechanisms behind cranial gracilization, a process that has shaped the morphology of our species.