糖心视频

The of the resurrection of the dire wolf generated considerable global media attention and widespread .

But beyond the research questions, there are other issues we must consider鈥攊n particular, the lack of Indigenous voices in discussions about de-extinction.

It is undeniable that biotechnology company Colossal Biosciences achieved a major scientific breakthrough. It has successfully changed the genome of a vertebrate species, introduced desired traits, and created apparently healthy hybrid wolf pups.

The main scientific criticisms were that genetically engineering gray wolves with dire wolf traits . And regardless of the achievement, we still have to ask whether we should bring back extinct species in the first place.

But given the company's goals of resurrecting species significant to Indigenous groups, including the (Tasmanian tiger) and the , it is vital Indigenous views contribute to decisions.

Gene technologies in conservation

Colossal Biosciences' achievement shows the potential of new gene-editing technologies to contribute to conservation efforts. This could include introducing desirable traits into threatened species or removing harmful ones.

It could even mean creating ecological equivalents of extinct species, as the company has suggested.

In Aotearoa New Zealand, hapori M膩ori (tribal groups) are the kaitiaki (guardians) of many threatened taonga (treasured) species. There is growing international interest in the resurrection of some of New Zealand's extinct birds, including the moa, and , despite M膩ori concerns.

Their voices in this debate are crucial, as are those of other Indigenous groups when biotech proposals are relevant to them.

Colossal Biosciences has an (made up of North American Indian Nations) and has established an for the thylacine de-extinction project with Indigenous representation.

But in our engagements with M膩ori from around the country over the past decade, we've found virtually no M膩ori support for the de-extinction of taonga species.

Lost ecosystems and opportunity costs

One reason we have heard involves a lack of suitable habitats for de-extinct species. Most of Aotearoa New Zealand is highly modified, with only remaining. This requires ongoing predator control.

That means there are very few suitable sites to release de-extinct species. For some lost ecosystems, there is . The effort required to establish and manage sites would be substantial.

There would also need to be ongoing financial resourcing to support kaitiaki responsibilities, which would be expected of M膩ori communities within whose rohe (traditional boundaries) de-extinct species might be released.

In our view, kaitiaki prefer gene technology funding to be spent on applications that support their guardianship role, such as environmental DNA. Or they would like it expanded for the management of remaining and often threatened taonga species.

Without new funding, there is a real opportunity-cost risk of , potentially resulting in further extinctions of endangered taonga species.

In all likelihood, maintaining a genetically diverse population of a de-extinct species (with at least 500 individuals) would be a challenging exercise, given how slowly New Zealand's taonga species breed.

Treaty breaches and tikanga

Without meaningful M膩ori support and involvement, the release of a de-extinct species would effectively constitute a breach of Article Two of te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi). The states M膩ori have exclusive rights to taonga.

This is also the essence of the Waitangi Tribunal that M膩ori have intellectual property rights over flora and fauna. M膩ori have whakapapa (genealogy) relationships with taonga species and a moral obligation to look after their welfare and the taiao (environment) they are in.

This has led to concerns that altering the whakapapa of an existing species to resemble another species is unnatural and disrespectful (compared to ). This could have negative consequences for hybrid species as well as other organisms and the taiao.

Hybrids may not be sufficiently adapted to existing threats (such as introduced mammalian predators) or the new environments they find themselves in. Conversely, they could be so well adapted they disrupt the ecosystem and become a pest.

There are long-held concerns that M膩ori have been excluded from conversations about applying gene technologies. This is despite the successful use of tikanga-based frameworks (customs) for evaluating in individual cases.

These concerns include potential biopiracy, and trademarking of taonga species by overseas companies. They are echoed in submissions to the draft , which all but on the release of genetically modified organisms into the environment.

Looking to the future

Without substantive M膩ori involvement, the internationally-led and resourced de-extinction of a taonga species could well become yet another negative colonization experience.

Such conversations need to involve a wide range of M膩ori, and employ tikanga-based protocols, to ensure sufficiently thorough and holistic evaluation of potential de-extinction projects.

There is currently nothing to stop biotechnology companies utilizing specimens of taonga species housed in museums worldwide.

We argue that addressing these issues and reaching a national consensus should be a prerequisite for any application of , whether it is to suppress pest species or support struggling taonga species.

Many of the concerns raised by M膩ori will no doubt be shared by Indigenous people around the world. They need to be part of the conversation and critical commentary around de-extinction and the potential reintroduction of organisms into the wild. Their knowledge of environmental management, which dates back hundreds to tens of thousands of years, is something we must learn from.

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