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A new study published in shows that oil is still seeping from the wreck of the USS Arizona, more than 80 years after its sinking at Pearl Harbor. The study focuses on samples collected by the National Park Service in 2016 and 2018.

Researchers, led by the University of Houston and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), analyzed oil samples collected from multiple leak points on the sunken battleship, using advanced molecular fingerprinting techniques. The results confirm the oil is a heavy fuel oil refined from California crude, consistent with U.S. Navy fueling practices in the early 1940s. Despite being underwater for decades, the oil retains high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), compounds known for their persistence and potential toxicity.

"One of the biggest challenges in responding to oil spills is understanding the specific makeup of the oil. At this site, the oil is not leaking at a highly concerning rate, and while it does contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), not all of them are highly toxic," said WHOI marine chemist and senior author of the study, Chris Reddy. "This work offers valuable insights that strengthen preparedness and planning for future operations at other shipwrecks."

Researchers also found that the chemical composition of the oil varies depending on the leak location, reflecting differing degrees of natural "weathering" processes, including microbial biodegradation and dissolution. While lighter compounds are gradually breaking down, key petroleum biomarkers remain intact, allowing scientists to trace the oil's source and behavior over time.

"Although the oil seeping from the USS Arizona comes from the same shipping fuel, it changes chemically before it escapes," said Jago拧 Radovi膰, University of Houston research associate professor and lead author of the study. "As it moves through the maze of wreckage, it encounters varying oxygen levels, water flow, and microbial activity, shaping the oil's chemistry and giving each leak a unique fingerprint."

The findings underscore the USS Arizona's dual role as a solemn war grave and a "living laboratory" for understanding the long-term fate of petroleum trapped in shipwrecks. With an estimated 600,000 gallons of oil still on board, the research highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring and preparedness at the site.

"As one of America's most hallowed war graves and the site of tragedy and sacrifice at the outset of a global conflict for our country, the site demands the best and most considered science we can muster," said Dr. David Conlin, a marine archaeologist with the National Park Service. "The work we have completed is groundbreaking in its implications and also its respectful, non-intrusive approach to data gathering. I am proud and humbled to have been a part of this incredible scientific team."

More broadly, the study has global significance. Thousands of World War II-era wrecks, containing millions of gallons of unrecovered fuel, rest on ocean floors worldwide, many in nearshore environments. The USS Arizona offers a unique insight into how oil behaves over decades in low-oxygen, submerged conditions, informing modern spill response strategies and environmental risk assessments.

"When deciding whether to remove oil from a shipwreck, we weigh the risk of a potential spill against the danger of disturbing the site itself," Reddy continued. "Factors like the amount of oil remaining, the rate of leakage, the local ecosystem's sensitivity, and the cultural or historical value of the wreck all play a role. Sometimes the best choice is careful monitoring rather than intervention."