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In 2001, social theorist bell hooks warned about the dangers of a loveless zeitgeist. In "," she lamented "the lack of an ongoing public discussion … about the practice of love in our culture and in our lives."

Back then, the internet was at a crossroads. The , and people wondered if the technology was long for this world.

The doubts were unfounded. In only a few decades, the internet has merged with our bodies as smartphones and mined our personalities via algorithms that know us more intimately than some of our closest friends. It has even constructed a secondary social world.

Yet as the internet has become , few would describe it as a place of love, compassion and cooperation. Study after study describe how social media platforms promote —in part because many algorithms reward behaviors .

Is the internet's place in human history cemented as a harbinger of despair? Or is there still hope for an internet that supports collective flourishing?

Algorithms and alienation

I explore these questions in my new book, "."

In it, I explain how social media companies' profits depend on users investing their time, creativity and emotions. Whether it's spending hours filming content for TikTok or a few minutes crafting a thoughtful Reddit comment, participating on these platforms takes work. And it can be exhausting.

Even passive engagement—like scrolling through feeds and "lurking" in forums—consumes time. It might feel like free entertainment—until people recognize , with their data being harvested and their emotions being manipulated.

Blogger, journalist and science fiction writer Cory Doctorow coined the term "" to describe how experiences on online platforms gradually deteriorate as companies increasingly exploit users' data and tweak their algorithms to maximize profits.

For these reasons, much of people's time spent online involves dealing with or , immersed in .

This cycle is neither an accident nor a novel insight. Hate and mental illness fester in this culture because love and healing seem to be .

Care hiding in plain sight

In his 2009 book "," the late sociologist Erik Olin Wright discusses places in the world that prioritize cooperation, care and egalitarianism.

Wright mainly focused on offline systems like . But one of his examples lived on the internet: Wikipedia. He argued that Wikipedia demonstrates the ethos "from each according to ability, to each according to need"—a popularized by Karl Marx.

Wikipedia still thrives . The website is a form of media that is deeply social, in the literal sense: People voluntarily curate and share knowledge, collectively and democratically, for free. Unlike social media, the rewards are only collective.

There are no visible likes, comments or rage emojis for participants to hoard and chase. Nobody loses and everyone wins, including the vast majority of people who use Wikipedia without contributing work or money to keep it operational.

Building a new digital world

Wikipedia is evidence of care, cooperation and love hiding in plain sight.

In recent years, there have been more efforts to create nonprofit apps and websites that are committed to protecting user data. Popular examples include , a free and open-source instant messaging service, and , an encrypted email service.

These are all laudable developments. But how can the internet actively promote collective flourishing?

In "," sociologist Ruha Benjamin points to a way forward. She tells the story of Black TikTok creators in 2021. Many viral TikTok dances had originally been created by Black artists, whose accounts, they claimed, were suppressed by a biased algorithm that favored white influencers.

TikTok responded to the viral #BlackTikTokStrike movement by and making commitments to better represent and compensate the work of Black creators. These creators demonstrated how social media engagement is work—and that to demand equitable conditions and fair pay.

This landmark strike showed how anyone who uses social media companies that profit off the work, emotions and personal data of their users—whether it's TikTok, X, Facebook, Instagram or Reddit—can become organized.

Meanwhile, there are organizations devoted to designing an internet that promotes collective flourishing. Sociologist Firuzeh Shokooh Valle provides examples of worker-owned technology cooperatives in her 2023 book, "." She highlights the , which that seek to break the stranglehold that negativity and exploitation have over internet culture.

"Digital spaces are increasingly powered by hate and discrimination," , adding that it hopes to create an online world where "women and people of diverse sexualities and genders are able to access and enjoy a free and open internet to exercise agency and autonomy, build collective power, strengthen movements, and transform power relations."

In Los Angeles, there's Chani, Inc., a technology company that describes itself as "proudly" not funded by venture capitalists. The Chani app blends mindfulness practices and astrology with the goal . The app is , the company never , and there are no comments sections.

No comments

What would social media look like if Wikipedia were the norm instead of an exception?

To me, a big problem in internet culture is the way people's humanity is obscured. People are free to speak their minds in text-based public discussion forums, but the words aren't always attached to someone's identity. Real people hide behind the anonymity of user names. It isn't true human interaction.

In "Attention and Alienation," I argue that the ability to meet and interact with others online as fully realized, three-dimensional human beings would go a long way toward creating a more empathetic, cooperative internet.

When I was 8 years old, my parents lived abroad for work. Sometimes we talked on the phone. Often I would cry late into the night, praying for the ability to "see them through the phone." It felt like a miraculous possibility—like magic.

I told this story to my students in a moment of shared vulnerability. This was in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, so the class was taking place over videoconferencing. In these online classes, one person talked at a time. Others listened.

It wasn't perfect, but I think a better internet would promote this form of discussion—people getting together from across the world to share the fullness of their humanity.

have tapped into this vision by creating voice-based discussion forums. The company, however, has been criticized for .

What if the next iteration of public social media platforms could build on Clubhouse? What if they brought people together and showcased not just their voices, but also live video feeds of their faces without harvesting their data or promoting conflict and outrage?

Raised eyebrows. Grins. Frowns. They're what make humans distinct from increasingly sophisticated and artificial intelligence chatbots .

After all, is anything you can't say while looking at another human being in the eye worth saying in the first place?

This article is republished from under a Creative Commons license. Read the .